| Abstract |
V ions showed high cytotoxicity for mouse fibroblast L929, osteoblastic MC3T3-E1, and macrophage-like J774.1 cells compared with Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, and Mo ions. The quantities of metal ions incorporated into the L929 and MC3T3-E1 cells increased with increasing metal concentration in the medium, depending on the metal ion type. In particular, the quantities of V incorporated into the cells were markedly higher than those of other metals. It was suggested that the cytotoxicity of a metal ion changes with the quantity of the metal ion incorporated into cells. It was also considered that V ions are incorporated into cells through xanthine derived from fetal bovine serum by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The strong interaction of Co, Ni and Mo with amino acids was analyzed by HPLC. The rate of increase of nitric oxide (NO) concentration released with the activation of the mouse macrophage-like J774.1 cells increased at a concentration of V ions ten times lower than that of Ni ions. The release of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from the J774.1 cells started at approximately 0.5 ppm V; interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) showed a marked increase in the rate of increase at more than 1 ppm V. No increase in the concentration of IL-1α, IL-8, IL-15 or granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was observed for V and Ni ions.
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